My Younger Sister Essay Example

My Younger Sister Essay My younger sister, Kate. Being a lively, witty and smart eleven-year-old, my sister, Kate, is a typical example of a girl who experiences changes from the stage of childhood into a teenager. She demonstrates how quickly girls these days enter the period of adolescence. At this stage she is a somewhat tall girl, with long legs, which makes an impression of a person who is already at least sixteen. When I sometimes see her playing basketball in the school playing grounds, I always find it difficult to discern her from among the boys. This will-be teenager has short brown-black hair and blushed cheeks which actually look like blooming roses. Her snub nose suggests indirectly that she is a slightly conceited person. My sister is quite slight and slender. This feature again implies how girls usually want to look at this age. Having a very lively approach to life, Kate is a very sociable kind of human being, She seems to be always willing to talk and ask a number of difficult questions. A lot of friends revolve around her, the suspicion being that it is mainly owing to her energy. She is a witty character. I cannot help wondering where she gets those funny responses. It makes her a very funny person indeed. As it usually happens, however, she also possesses the bad qualities of the character. My sister tends to be a lazy-bone despite her being fairly energetic. She, too, is inclined to answer back either to me or to my parents. We will write a custom essay sample on My Younger Sister specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Younger Sister specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Younger Sister specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nevertheless, many of her physical qualities appear to compensate for her weaknesses. She has got good memory and a good ear. These advantages help her considerably in learning. Consequently, she remembers a lot at school, which she doesn’t have to revise at home. I harbour positive feelings towards Kate in spite of her imperfections. Obviously, she is my sister. I admire the way she talks to me and how enthusiastically she practices sport.

Free Essays on African Americans

The cultural differences between whites and blacks are the root of many problems. Most, but not all, blacks in the United States today can trace their roots to West Africa. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, many Africans were torn from their family and homes, shipped to America, and sold as slaves. These are the only migrants that came to the U.S. against their will. Slave owners thought of slaves as not humans, but more like animals, having a lower form of life. The whites did this so that they could justify themselves in â€Å"owning† these people. Slave owners wanted to think of themselves as good, moral, religious people and based this animal-like justification on racial differences. Largely these differences were focused on skin color, hair texture, and some other physical attributes. These differences were used as â€Å"proof† that blacks were not really people. These misconceptions mentioned above were the beginning of endless injustices, psychological and social problems, and racism. These problems would continue from generation to generation and plague the black people as well as the white people. It caused a system of inferior housing, schools, health care, jobs, and life in general, and is still visible to this day. Slavery formally ended in 1863, and unfortunately did not have an effect on racism or discrimination. If it did, it was for the worse. Despite hardships during and after slavery, most blacks made valiant efforts to keep family ties. They produced stable units and kept strong values amongst each other regardless of blood affiliation. From the start, relationship between blacks and law enforcement officers was negative. Officers’ interaction with blacks was to return them to their owners when escaped, administer harsh punishment when even a petty offense occurred, and enforce specialty laws that restricted blacks from entering certain buildings, going certain places, or engaging in certai... Free Essays on African Americans Free Essays on African Americans The cultural differences between whites and blacks are the root of many problems. Most, but not all, blacks in the United States today can trace their roots to West Africa. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, many Africans were torn from their family and homes, shipped to America, and sold as slaves. These are the only migrants that came to the U.S. against their will. Slave owners thought of slaves as not humans, but more like animals, having a lower form of life. The whites did this so that they could justify themselves in â€Å"owning† these people. Slave owners wanted to think of themselves as good, moral, religious people and based this animal-like justification on racial differences. Largely these differences were focused on skin color, hair texture, and some other physical attributes. These differences were used as â€Å"proof† that blacks were not really people. These misconceptions mentioned above were the beginning of endless injustices, psychological and social problems, and racism. These problems would continue from generation to generation and plague the black people as well as the white people. It caused a system of inferior housing, schools, health care, jobs, and life in general, and is still visible to this day. Slavery formally ended in 1863, and unfortunately did not have an effect on racism or discrimination. If it did, it was for the worse. Despite hardships during and after slavery, most blacks made valiant efforts to keep family ties. They produced stable units and kept strong values amongst each other regardless of blood affiliation. From the start, relationship between blacks and law enforcement officers was negative. Officers’ interaction with blacks was to return them to their owners when escaped, administer harsh punishment when even a petty offense occurred, and enforce specialty laws that restricted blacks from entering certain buildings, going certain places, or engaging in certai...

The role of techonology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of techonology - Research Proposal Example Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions like this. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially increased by man-made technology, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred. This traps more of the sun’s energy inside our atmosphere and reflects less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most common of the greenhouse gases. Although cutting down the rainforests is contributing heavily to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal to power our technology. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Most of this excessive fuel consumption and its poisonous, pollutant and greenhouse-enhancing byproducts are located in th e U.S., Europe and Russia (Breuer, 1980). It is estimated that man-made influences represent about half of the CO2 output in the world. The rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere are becoming increasingly worrying. â€Å"The concentrations of CO2 in the air around 1860 before the effects of industrialization were felt, is assumed to have been about 290 parts per million (ppm). In the hundred years and more since then, the concentration has increased by about 10 percent† (Breuer, 1980, p. 67). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions. The United States and Soviet Union combined are responsible for generating half of the air pollution. Worldwide, â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by four percent a year.† (Miller, 1990, p. 450). The scientific community agrees that global temperatures are rising due

Enterprise Book Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enterprise Book - Case Study Example ion through high quality services such as through fast transactions and helpfulness of the staff, the ESQi provides the appropriate environment that helps in fulfilling this objective (Exhibit 3). This is because it is tied to the entire organization’s main processes including employee compensation. Customer satisfaction, with respect to ESQi, became the main agenda where the customers were contacted to provide feedback on their experience when being served by the company. As such, the managers became responsible for the scores. The tool was also the main determinant of whether an employee could be promoted where a good score of the subject employee’s branch would guarantee promotion after they had been working in the company for a specified period. This implies that the salaries were tied to the individual’s performance in the duties assigned. This mode of compensation prompted the employees to work more time than what had been specified by the company so as to increase the chances of promotion and higher salaries resulting from the branch’s performance. This system would be very effective if the company ensures that all employees are well aware of its operations and if it is followed to the letter. This is because it has sparked increased motivation to the point that the employees are willing to work longer than the company has stipulated. Additionally, it sparks a commitment among the employees, which would function as a competitive advantage for Enterprise. The most important issue with respect to emerging issues in the market is the idea of consolidation between two main players that include DTG and Vanguard. The merger may present a significant threat to Enterprise although independent efforts by either DTG or Vanguard do not measure to Enterprises’ operations (Exhibit 1). This could be a main threat because combination of operation means combination of managerial ideas where such a merger could result in a very strong managerial practice to

Compare and contrast components and purposes of Information Technology Essay

Compare and contrast components and purposes of Information Technology (IT) and Information Systems (IS) in organizations - Essay Example Web servers, codes that manage the server, storage facilities, information transfer facilities, and many others are examples of information technology which when combined forms an information system. This paper focuses on the components and purposes of information technology and information systems in an organization (Stair, 2011). Components of an information system include hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. For instance, each system needs people for its functionalities and maintenance. In most cases, people are not part of the system but they contribute to either its success or failure. Procedures are the rules and policies that guide in the operation of the information system. These procedures are implemented using information technology techniques in form of lines of code. For example, web-based systems’ procedures implemented using programming languages like PHP and other styling and scripting languages. These languages are the technologies that make up the se information systems (Stair, 2011). In addition, data as used by programs for processing to produce information used in the systems. These data is stored in disks until needed by the system. The process of storing and the tools used to store are the information technologies while the system that extracts the data from these storage devices is the information system that manipulates the data. ... Software is another example of information systems component. Computer programs and manuals supporting these programs are the software in a system. These programs give instructions to the interaction of hardware components of an information system to process data to produce useful information. In an information system, these programs are stored in a disk and installed in a way that the hardware can detect and use them. They control the interaction of hardware parts in the processing of information, for instance and operating system is software that controls the whole functionalities of the system and coordinates the hardware components for functionalities. The programs are lines of code written using a certain specific technology based on the required functionality of the system. Some technologies includes, java programming language, PHP, C#, visual basic and many other languages used to write these commands which forms a software (Reynolds, 2010). Furthermore, information system is composed of hardware that is the machineries and the computers. Hardware components include displays, keyboards, storage disks, printers, scanners, chips, and barcode readers among many others, which are the tangible parts of an information system. These hardware tools made using different technologies and when combined together they form an information system with specific functionalities. The execution of data triggered by either a program or people through hardware and processed using both the software and hardware in a system the communication between hardware and software controlled by the operating system (Mahr, 2010). Information systems have different purposes in a firm, for instance, some are for communication, data management, inventory

Body Sensor Network: A Modern Survey Performance Study

Body Sensor Network: A Modern Survey Performance Study ABSTRACT As because of modern emerging technologies, low power integrated circuits and wireless communication has enabled a new generation of sensors network. The incorporation of these sensors networks in Health care is very popular and plays a vital role in breath breaking situations. The deployment of monitoring hardware incorporated with various wireless standards plays a key role in regard to interoperability, invasion privacy, sensors validation data consistency and interference related issues. The goal of our paper is to make a comparative study in realm of modern wireless trends such as Bluetooth, Wi-fi, Zigbee and Wibree and related facets. Index Terms- Wireless Body area network, Zigbee, Wi-fi, Bluetoooth INTRODUCTION Now a days, Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) has becomes a assured technology in the realm of advanced applications. The one of its latent position is in the form of unguided biomedical sensor network to determine physiological sign. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a unguided network utilized for interaction among sensor nodes in or about the human body in order to supervise critical body parameters and activities. These supervising signs are collected by a personal server, e.g. PDC or Smart phones which acts as a sink for the information of the sensors and send them to caregivers for proper health supervising. The personal server have some memory in which some results are arranged which it gives to the patient at the time of emergency it acts like a feedback, if the situation is not handle by the PDC then it transfers the signal to caregivers by unguided media. There are different issues highlighted in the employment of WBAN technology. This survey executes a atomistic review on pronominal investigations that emphasis in procured related facts in WBAN as well as WLAN. This paper is arranged into the different parts which provides a short introduction of WBAN and WLAN and look out attributes of pronominal differences between them and fetch attributes of WBAN and pulls general architecture and handle postulates in WBAN and also intercommunicating much on security issues, we shall also see the features of short range wireless techniques and compare them according to their performance. And at last gear up related investigations in security bare for WBAN. ATTRIBUTES OF WBAN WBAN is a communication network between human and computers through wearable devices. To establish a interaction between these devices, unguided sensor network and ad hoc network techniques may be used. The tiny sensor senses the signals from the body and send it to the processor through unguided media[1]. But due to some emblematic features of WBAN current protocols create for these network are not always feasible to favour WBAN. To favour this level, TABLE 1 modifies the general differences between WSN and WBAN[2][3]. WBAN was introduced from real WSN (WPAN) technologies[4]. WPAN is a personal area network using unguided acquaintance consistently within a short range ( Basic requirement of WBAN include the requirements of WPAN, such as low power, low data rate unguided sensors network standard Zigbee. Despite the fact that Zigbee does not fetch majority of core technical requirements of WBAN features and the for a standard specifically designed for WBAN. Diagnosticate the great market potential and rapid technological enlargement in this field. The IEEE is ongoing an 802.15.6 standard optimized for low power WBAN favouring at a data rate from 10Kbps to 10 Mbps[1]. The exclusive endowment compared to majority of core WPAN are as follows: WBAN is a small scale network rather than WPAN is a relatively short range communication technique inclusive the communication in or on a human body with the maximum range of ( A star topology is basically used WBAN where communication is organised in the heart of sensor nodes and is directly linked to a master node. Despite, it cannot always meet the desired authenticity requirement. Thus a star-mesh hybrid topology extends the fashionable approach and creates mesh networking among central coordinates in multiple star networks. Gadgets incorporating WBAN are firmly limited in their computational capabilities and required scalable completion; data rate upto10Mbps, and power consumption upto40MW. Data that are detected, collected and transmitted in WBAN is comparatively sensitive; highly secure and confidential. Gadgets of WBAN closely surround the human body to consist of its transportation system are highly safety requirements. ACCUSTOMED ARCHITECTURE The proposed wireless area body network for health monitoring integrated into a border multitier medicine system in this architecture ,WBAN is compared to other wireless network. In fig 1 a WBAN compared with other types of wireless network[2]. Each type of network has a typical enabling technology, defined by IEEE. A WPAN used IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) or 802.15.4 (zigbee) , a WLAN uses IEEE 802.11 (Wi-fi) WMAN IEEE 802.16 .The communication in a WAN can be established via satellite links. As declared before , admitting challenges faces by WBAN are in many ways similar to WSN, there are elemental differences between the two requiring special attention. Network and Complex Systemswww.iiste.org ISSN 2224-61 OX (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)pn Vol.3, No. 1, 2013-Selected from Inter national Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications IISTe In TABLE 2, a schematic overview of differences between WSN and WBAN is given [2][3][4]. TABLE 2:SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WSN AND WBAN IS GIVEN: CHALLENGES WSN WBAN Scale Monitored environment (m/km) Human body (cm/m) Node number Many redundant nodes for wide area coverage Fewer, limited in space Result accuracy Through node redundancy Through node accuracy and robustness Node tasks Node performs a dedicated task Node performs multiple task Node size Small is preferred, but not important Small is essential Network topology Very likely to be fixed and static More variable due to body movement Data rates Homogeneous Heterogeneous Node replacement Performed easily, nodes even disposable Replacement of implanted nodes difficult Node lifetime Several years/months Several years/months, smaller battery capacity Power supply Accessible and likely to be replaced more easily and frequently Inaccessible and difficult to replace in an implantable setting Power demand Likely to be large, energy supply easier Likely to be lower, energy supply more difficult Energy scavenging source Most likely solar and wind power Most likely motion(vibration) and thermal (body heat) Biocompatibility Not a consideration in most applications A must for implants and some external sensors Securitylevel Lower Lower Higher, to protect patient information Impact of data loss Likely to be compensated by redundant nodes More significant, may require additional measures to ensure QoS and real-time data delivery Wireless Technology Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPRS, WLAN, Low power technology required Impact of data loss Likely to be compensated by redundant nodes More significant, may require additional measures to ensure QoS and real-time data ENGROSSSMENT OF WBAN We classify demand of WBAN into two categories i.e. system and security. Further detail is described in the following subsection. A.System exigency This subsection provides brief description of system requirements that viewed in three different aspects such as type of devices, data rate and energy. Types of devices. Sensor node: A device that responds to and gathers data on physical catalyst processes the data if necessary and reports this information wirelessly. It consists of several components which are sensor hardware, a power unit, a processor, memory and a transmitter or transceiver. Gateway: It gathers all the information acquired by the sensor nodes and informs the users. The components area power unit, memory and transreciever. This device is also called a body control unit(BCU),body gateway or a sink. Monitoring Server: It is consists of database for data storage and processing and analyzing software for delivering system intended services. Data rates The reliability of the data transmission is provided in terms of the necessary bit error rate (BER) which is used as a measure for the number of packets lost. For a medical device, the reliability depends on the data rate. Low data rate devices can cope with a high BER while devices with a higher data rate require a lower BER. The required BER is also dependent on the criticalness of the data. Energy Energy consumption can be divided into three domains: sensing, communication and data processing[2][5]. Despite, the energy consumption for communication is more than computation in WBAN. Further, higher security requirements usually correspond to more energy consumption for cryptographic operations. B. Security Requirements The security and privacy of patient-related data are two indispensable components for the system security of the WBAN. By data security, it means the protection of information from unauthorized users while data being stored and transferred and data privacy means right of individuals to control the collection and use of personal information about themselves. Security and privacy issues are raised automatically when the data is created, transferred, stored and processed in information systems[8]. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates that, as the sensors in WBAN collect the wearers health data (which is regarded as personal information), care needs to be taken to protect it from unauthorized access and tampering[9][11]. Because WBAN systems and their supporting infrastructure are operated with extremely stringent constraints, they present a greater challenge in the areas of throughput, data integrity and data security when compared to traditional clin ical systems. The security mechanisms employed in WBAN for the later need specific features that should be taken into account when designing the security architecture. Thus, the system needs to comply with the following major security requirements as in TABLE 3 [4][8][10]. TABLE 3: MAJOR SECURITY REQUIREMENTS IN WBAN Major security requirement Description Data storage security requirements Confidentially Patient-related data should be kept confidential during storage periods. Especially, its confidentially should be robust against node compromise and user collusion. Encryption and Access Control List are main methods providing data confidentiality. Integrity assurance Patient-related data must not be modified illegally during storage periods Dependability Patient-related data must be readily retrievable when node failure or data erasure happens. Data access security requirements Access control (privacy A fine-grained data access policy shall be enforced to prevent unauthorized access to patient- related data generated by the WBAN. Accountability When a user of the WBAN abuses his/her privilege to carry out unauthorized actions on patient-related data, he/she should be identified and held accountable Revocability The privileges of WBAN users or nodes should be deprived in time if they are identified as compromised or behave maliciously. Non repudiation The origin of a piece of patient-related data cannot be denied by the source that generated it. Other security requirements Authentication The sender of the patient-related data must be authenticated, and injection of data from outside the WBAN should be prevented Availability The patient-related data should be accessible even under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. WBAN APPLICATIONS The WBAN application targeted IEEE 802.15.6 standard are divided into medical and non medical application as given in fig.2. Medical application include collecting vital information of a patient continuously and forward it a remote monitoring station for further analysis[6]. The huge amount can be used to prevent the occurrence of myocardial infarction and treat various diseases such as gastrointestinal tract, cancer, asthma neurological disorder. WBAN can also be used to help people with disabilities. For ex retina prosthesis, chips can be planted in human eye to see at an adequate level. Non medical application include monitoring forgetting things, data file transfer, gaming and social networking application. In [7] gaming, sensor in WBAN can collect coordinate movements of character in the same, ex- moving cricket player or capturing the intensity of ball in tennis. The use of WBAN in social networking allows people to exchange digital profile or business allows people to exchang e digital profile or business card only by shaking hands. Fig. 2. WBAN applications RELATED RESEARCH Several research groups have been developing the implantable or wearable devices for health monitoring in WBAN communications. However, these researches mainly focus on building system architecture and in lesser extent on developing networking protocols. Besides, it is difficult to discover solutions providing security for WBAN and security has generally been covered separately. Extending the scope of technology, there are several security protocols in general sensor networks. Security Protocols for Sensor Networks (SPINS) is a set of protocols for achieving security requirements like confidentiality, integrity and authenticity in sensor networks and uses several symmetric keys to encrypt the data as well as compute the Message Authentication Code (MAC)[4][11]. However, SPINS is only considered in general sensor networks, so that it is inadequate to apply in WBAN as it has environmental features like the human body and limited computing resources. Some researches show the security for sensor nodes in or on the human body in WBAN. They show that the sensors have to make use of cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the data they send to control node and the random number which is used in security protocols can be generated by biometrics[12]. Biometrics approach uses an intrinsic characteristic of the human body as the authentication identity or the means of securing the distribution of a cipher key to secure inter-WBAN communications. At initial stage, several security schemes of WBAN are established by the symmetric cryptosystem due to limited resources, but have problems like delaying the disclosure of the symmetric keys and providing weak security relatively since it is not resilient against physical compromise[13]. Furthermore, the complexity of sensor nodes key managements in WBAN gives each component overload. On the contrary, some researches utilizing the asymmetric cryptosystem in mobile and ad hoc networks also have been proposed, and tried to examine the unique characteristics of WBAN[8][14]. One concern about the asymmetric cryptosystem is a resource constraint problem but recent work has shown that performing ECC consumes a lot less of memory and computing power[12][14]. These researches dealt with a scope of limited WBAN but they exclude the implanted sensor networks. The objective of WBAN is also the implementation of body area network that can contact with everywhere in, on, and out the human body. By comparison, each approach has several issues to be considered in terms of the security services in WBAN. Further, there is a trade-off between performance and security. Related to these, another research group has implemented these two heterogeneous cryptosystems in their research which provides security and privacy to WBAN. In [4], they believe that these two cryptosystems can be applied in the authentication of WBAN depleting each weak point of them at once. They primarily focus on the authentication in the overall coverage of WBAN including in-, on- and out body to provide the strong and adequate security for WBAN. CONCLUSION WBAN is an emerging and promising technology that will change peoples healthcare experiences revolutionarily. It brings out a new set of challenges in terms of scalability, sensor deployment and density, energy efficiency, security and privacy and wireless technology. In this survey, we have reviewed the current development on Wireless Body Area Network and we focused in security issues faced by this technology. In particular, this work presents an overview of the differences between Wireless Body Area Network and Wireless Sensor Network. We presented differences of architecture in WBAN and other type of Wireless sensor network. Several key applications will benefit from the advanced integration of WBAN and emerging wireless technologies. They include remote health monitoring, military, sports training and many others. It is also important to highlight here that WBAN poses with various type of security problems. Thus, we believe that WBAN requires a strong security system and part of it is authentication. A secured authentication system is extremely needed in various applications WBAN technology particularly in medical and military. The proposed protocol is potentially useful to be utilize in WBAN by satisfying their technical requirements keeping pace with the standardization of IEEE 802.15.6[4]. Our next step is to discover hybrid authentication protocol in providing a strong security system for WBAN. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported by National Institute of Technology, Patna as a part of partial fulfilment of Post Graduate degree in Communication systems for the academic year of 2011-2013. REFERENCES Selimis, Georgios et al. A Lightweight Security Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks: Design, Energy Evaluation and Proposed Microprocessor Design, Journal of Medical Systems, 2011, pp. 1-10-10, doi: 10.1007/s10916-011-9669-2. Latre, Benoit, Bart Braem, Ingrid Moerman, Chris Blondia, and Piet Demeester. A survey on wireless body area networks, Wireless Networks, vol. 17, 2010, pp. 1 18, doi: 10.1007/s11276-010-0252-4. Chen, M., Gonzalez, S., Vasilakos, A., Cao, H., Leung, V. C. M. Body Area Networks: A survey, Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 16, 2011, pp. 171-193, doi:10.1007/s11036-010- 0260-8. Jang, C. S., Lee, D. G., Han, J.-W., Park, J. H Hybrid security protocol for wireless body area networks, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 11, 2011, pp. 277-288, doi: 10.1002/wcm.884. Jingwei Liu and Kyung Sup Kwak. Hybrid security mechanisms for wireless body area networks, Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), 2010 Second International Conference on , 2010, pp. 98- 103, doi: 10.1109/ICUFN. 2010.5547221. IEEE P802.15.6/D01,Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) used in or around a body, May 2010. S. Saleem, S. Ullah, and K.S. Kwak, A Study of IEEE 802.15.4 Security Framework for Wireless Body Area Networks, Sensors, vol.11, No.2, pp. 1383-1395, 2011. Lim, S., Oh, T. H., Choi, Y. B., Lakshman, T.. Security Issues on Wireless Body Area Network for Remote Healthcare Monitoring, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks Ubiquitous and Trustworthy Computing, 2010, pp. 327-332, doi: 10.1109/STUC.2010.61. Venkatasubramanian, K. K., Banerjee, A., Gupta, S. K. S.. PSKA: usable and secure key agreement scheme for body area networks, IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 14, 2010, pp. 60-68. Mana, M., Feham, M., Bensaber, B. A.. SEKEBAN (Secure and Efficient Key Exchange for wireless Body Area Network), Science And Technology, vol. 12, 2009, pp. 45-60. Liu, J., Kwak, K. S.. Towards Security Issues and Solutions in Wireless Body Area Networks, 6th International Conference on Networked Computing (INC 2010),2010, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICUFN.2010.5547221. Poon, C. C. Y., Zhang, Y. T., Bao, S.-D.. A novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and m-health, Communications Magazine IEEE, IEEE, vol. 44, 2006, pp. 73-81, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2006.1632652. William, C., Tan, C. C., Wang, H.. Body Sensor Network Security : An Identity-Based Cryptography Approach, Proc. ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security (WiSec 08), ACM Press, 2008, pp. 148Â ­153, doi: 10.1145/1352533.1352557. Sharmilee, K. M., Mukesh, R., Damodaram, A., Subbiah Bharathi, V.. Secure WBAN Using Rule- Based IDS With Biometrics And MAC Authentication, 2008 10th IEEE International Conference On EHealth Networking Applications and Services, IEEE, 2008, pp.102-107, doi: 10.1109/HEALTH.2008.4600119.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay -- Argumentative Essays Rhetoric

Rhetorical Analysis In a persuasive essay, rhetorical appeals are a very important tool to influence the audience toward the author’s perspective. The three rhetorical appeals, which were first developed by Aristotle, are pathos, logos, and ethos. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience, logos appeals to the facts or evidence and ethos exhibits the credibility of the writer. William Bennett is a well-respected man in the political world. He served as Secretary of Education and Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities under President Ronald Reagan and Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under President George H.W. Bush. His essay entitled â€Å"Leave Marriage Alone,† which was published in Newsweek, June 3, 1996, is a response to an article written by Andrew Sullivan advocating same-sex marriage. Using rhetorical analysis I will determine whether or not this essay is effective and why. Bennett is a conservative republican who is a strong advocate for family values. The purpose of Bennett’s essay is to expose the downside of Andrew Sullivan’s argument in favor of same-sex marriage. He wants to persuade those who have read Sullivan’s essay to side with him. His audience seems to be primarily middle-aged heterosexuals who already take his stance on the topic. Bennett’s essay is clear, concise and to the point. He talks about the key issues from the first sentence in the first paragraph. The structure of his essay is deductive, beginning with â€Å"the two key issues that divide proponents and opponents of same sex marriage. The first is weather legally recognizing same-sex unions would strengthen or weaken the instition. The second has to do with the basic understanding of mar... ...etorical appeal will help to expose fallacies in the writers’ own argument. William Bennett has some good arguments but his lack of rhetorical appeal weakens his essay. He writes from the point of view of a bullheaded politician who shows little consideration for his opposition. He exhibits no appeal to emotion and comes off cold and without compassion. He gives no facts or statistics behind his arguments, just generalizations about a group of people it seems he knows very little about. All in all, Bennett’s essay is very feeble because he chose to ignore the literary laws Aristotle founded many centuries earlier. This essay is proof that these laws are truly effective. Works Cited: Gruber, Sibylle, Ed. et al. Constructing Others, Constructing Ourselves. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2002. Bennett, William. â€Å"Leave Marriage Alone.† Gruber 29-30.

Physiology and Medications of the Lumbar Disc Disease

Lumbar Disc Disease, as the name implies, is a disease attacking the lumbar area of the spinal column that is characterized by general pain, weakness, and numbness in any section of the lumbar area—five segments in the lower extremities of the spinal column and the disc connecting them or the intervertebral disc. Lumbar Disc Disease is often used interchangeably with the following associated medical terms— sciatica, lumbosacral radiculopathy (or simply radiculopathy), LBP (Lower Back Pain), (LRS)lumbosacral radicular syndrome, and herniated disc.Technically speaking though LRS or radiculopathy would be descriptive of the more specific leg pain or the sciatica. Physiology of the disease involves the â€Å"rupture†, â€Å"herniated†, or â€Å"bulged† condition of the intervertebral disc caused by disc compression through dehydration in the affected discoid area and accompanied by bulging out of nucleus pulposus and degeneration of the annulus fibrosis . Further disc degeneration can lead to herniated condition whereby the nucleus pulposus ruptures from the outer ring region and effecting weight or press on the sensitive nerves sublocated between disc spaces or the lumbar epidural spaces.Due to the â€Å"weight† or the â€Å"press†, the affected person experiences pain in the aforementioned region. The impingement on the nerve roots or the sinuvertebral nerves caused neurological symptoms in the regions that are supplied by the affected nerves. Disc herniation usually attacks between the fifth and the fourth lumbar bodies (L4-5) and the fifth lumbar body and the immediate sacral region (L5-S1). Size of the disc herniation is irrelevant to the severity of the symptoms of the radiculopathy.Inflammation from the disc hernia may also have resulted from increased activity of the phospholipase A2, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E, leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2 in the disc region as caused by the hernia initiating nocicept ive and inflammatory responses. Such disease is a common ailment in the elderly or the aging individuals. It occurs on four per cent of the US population with ages from 40 to 60 for both male and female gender.Specific symptoms of the disease are dependent on the lumbar disc press on the specific nerve ends and may include any or a combination of the following: (1) intermittent or continuous back pain, (2) back muscle spasm, (3) sciatica, (4) muscle weakness/numbness in the lower extremities, (5) decreased joint reflexes, and (6) possible bladder malfunction. Symptoms may persist for more than a month. The disease is diagnosed through medical history examination, physical examination, x-ray diffraction, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed tomography (CT) scanning, Discography, Myelogram and Electrodiagnosis (e.g. Needle electromyography). Neurological and musculoskeletal system’s possible dysfunctions are observed thoroughly to detect sensory or motor deficits. As of r ecent, lumbar disc disease treatment would include conservative therapy (non-operative) — physical therapy (e. g. L5 reflex assessment), stress reduction programs, lumbosacral back support, weight management and medications for alleviating the painful symptoms—and operative therapy or the surgery or removal of the affected lumbar region, otherwise known as lumbar disketomy.In a study for the assessing the efficacy of surgery for lumbar disc disease conducted by Weinstein and colleagues in 2006, it was found out that both operative and non-operative therapy for curing the disease demonstrated substantial improvement in their â€Å"conditions,† however, the authors, did not indicate which therapy is more effective downplaying it to â€Å"statistical insignificance. † Bibliography Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (Slipped Disk) (2006). Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://health. nytimes. com/health/guides/disease/herniated-nucleus-pulposus-slipped-disk/overview . htmlLumbar Disc Disease (Herniated Disc). Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://www. ohsu. edu/health/health-topics/topic. cfm? id =8838. Malanga, G. (2007) Lumbosacral Radiculopathy. Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://www. emedicine. com/SPORTS/topic66. htm Weinstein, J. et al. (2006). Surgical vs Nonoperative Treatment for Lumbar Disk Herniation. JAMA,. 2006, 296:2441-2450. Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://jama. ama-assn. org/cgi/content/full/296/20/2441 What You Need to Know About Sciatica. (2007) Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://www. spine-health. com/topics/cd/d_sciatica/sciatica. html

Assessing the Quality of Education in the Philippines Essay

The goal of this Article is to ensure that quality education will be vailable to Filipinos from all walks of life in four corners of our country. Why powers and functions of and Dep- Ed does the 3 education bodies put into action their duties and powers for delivering of quality education and holistic development of Filipino students and graduates? Dep-Ed, CHED and TESDA are working hand in hand independently from each other. These three education bodies report directly to the Office of the President. Like what was mentioned above, the three sectors are all mandated to ensure the quality of education in their own respective level. The separation of 3 bodies ensures that there would be the necessary attention, priorities and resources for all levels. Each sector also ensures the readiness of a student to the next level. For example, Dep-Ed needs to make sure that the graduating elementary students are all ready and prepared to handle the programs and curriculum of high school level until they finish high schools. A student who finished high school should be ready to the tasks and programs in college either a bachelor degree or vocational courses. Given that these three educational bodies work accordingly and will be given the mandated resources nd budget, the quality of education in the Philippines would soon be competitive and be affordable to every Filipino child. The education plan on the reform to be initiated by the new president of the Philippines. length of education to global standard which was from 10 years to 12 years. I have two stands on this initiative. First, the idea of aligning the length of education to the global standard would be an effective way of ensuring that our grade school and high school students have the enough time to get the necessary quality of education Time as evolved so fast and it has been said that the only constant in world is change. It could be Just appropriate to align our education duration to global standard to ensure our students would be able to cope with the rapid- changing society. On the other hand, this initiative would only be effective to private schools whose students are fewer than the students in public schools. Also, I do not agree with this initiative as I do not see any problem with the length of education in the Philippines even if it doesn’t really follow the global standard. I believed that it is not the length of basic ducation that we need to focus on. Philippines was able to make good and topped student that has excel in many filel and in many countries with the education we have. What we need to focus on are the numbers of classrooms and facilities in public school, strengthening the research for all levels and increasing the numbers of public teachers. We need to focus on the materials and resources we are to give to our education sector and strengthen the existing policy for us all to be effective. Give your stand regarding the criticism on sex education by the Dep- Ed and church? Sex education has been one of the 3 most controversial topic across all corners in the Philippines. For the longest time, sex education has been the discrepancy of parents whether to discuss it with their children or not. I partially agree to the motion of sex education among our students. I guess it would be time for our students to end their curiosity. Sex, whether we like it or not, is a subject we all need to discuss with our kids. We got no choice but to discuss sex with them since this is something that has been abused by many young people. Sex has been abused and has been done because young people were not disciplined and educated to them. It is said in the bible that sex is a gift from God and should only be done by a married couple. It is also said in the bible that God asked us to promulgate. However, it is also mentioned in the bible that once we have promulgate across all over the world then it we need to take the measures to control it. Young people, at the right time and at the right way, needs to be educated with sex. A good curriculum is needed to ensure good education regarding sex to our young people.

buy custom Theories of Societal Development essay

buy custom Theories of Societal Development essay Fear is a normal human sensation; the degree, however, may be aberrant, and therefore may refer to some experiential underpinnings in the individual's human development that led to this abnormality. In human development, there are certain milestones that are associated with distinct age ranges. The early years from infancy to early childhood and into adolescence, are pivotal in laying down the neural foundations that control persons later in life (Tiedens, Leach, 2004).When fear presents in an aberrant fashion, such as through severe anxiety, depression, or anger, early years in human development must be examined to analyze why that fear exists in the degree that could be harmful the affected individual personal and social life (Rutledge, 2002). The Creation and Perpetuation of Fear According to Hunter (2004), The energy of fear can be shocking, like shards of glass or stabs of electricity (p. 60). Hunter also states, Sometimes the energy can be useful, as preparing for a sporting competition (p. 60), and Sometimes the energy can be paralyzing, as when were about to speak in public and find no words available (p. 60). Hunter added that, Fears are subjective and changeable, and self-generated fears are easier to tolerate than those that surprise us from external sources (p.60). In order to expound on the concept of fear, this study also discusses experiences such as the creation of hyper-vigilance and post-traumatic stress that are associated with harmful fear. Fear and athletics Outstanding performance within elite sport competition often requires simultaneous information processing, decision making, and reactions that are dependent on acquisition of the most relevant visual data from the environment (Singer, 2000). Athletes react differently to same information right before them. As stated by Davis and Sime (2006), Within elite athlete populations, where physical talent and skill differences are often minute, inter-individual differences in performance are often great, and fluctuations within individual performances are common (p. 364). Sport psychology tries to address the fact that although some athletes are physically talented enough to complete a task, something prevents these athletes from performing the task. Sport psychology researchers have suggested that anxiety might prevent the completion of sporting activities. Anxiety, in sports and in other life events that require some type of performance, may be based on a fundamental, though aberrant, fear response. Davis and Sime (2006) state that, the conventional wisdom that has developed within the field is that much of the variance in performance can be attributed to the effects of heightened levels of pre-competition anxiety. The feelings and emotions that are generated from fear can be positive or negative depending on the manner in which they are used. Not only must athletes be able to perform the physical task asked of them with limited error, but they must be able to process the information that is before them, eliminate any negative emotion, and thus perform the task. According to Davis and Sime (2006), majority of coaches use instructional time to develop physical talents and skills of their athletes. Although many coaches require their athletes to focus or concentrate of instructions given, few athletes fully understand the meaning of those concepts, and they are often left wondering, How, exactly do I do that? (p. 364). Fear and academics At the onset of my research, I asked a faculty member about his experiences after working with a team. The same factors were present in a team atmosphere as in the classroom and cooperative learning. As we discussed learning styles and genetics, I formulated the following questions to drive my research: How do genetics make one person more prone to fear and nervousness than another? How can educators effectively manage a cooperative or learning group? How important is controlling the consequences for individuals who cannot participate effectively? Why was there a complete lack of participation from the individual and would the lack of participation be the most detrimental on a team or in a cooperative learning setting? The process of improving a school program is a continuous one; it evolves as needs arise to reflect new societal needs. Therefore, conceptualization and implementation of these changes are not easy. Teaching process therefore needs to be constantly assessed and tested to be sure the program still works for immediate demands. The sample I am using has several features that allow for the use of up-to-date information and/or cutting-edge procedures. It also allows for creativity from both teacher and program director (Rutledge, 2002). The experiential perspective contains cultural experience which guides the individuals in a particular direction. In my field of study, the widespread Behaviorist revolution shifted interest from conscious processes to the results of these conscious processes. The largest circle of this influence came from American society as it transformed from an agricultural sea of island communities to an industrial state with immense international influence (Wiebe, 1967). People migrated from rural places built on traditions to cities filled with industry and unfamiliar faces. Thus, they had to learn new ways to socialize and new skills, placing value on the need for social adjustment. This form of behavior continued, and argument that perception and consciousness had value only if they produced adaptive behavior came to the fore. At this point, theorists also realized that behaviorism could not be defined any further. The culture and behavior of an individual will directly affect the way he or she perceives the experiences in his or her life which are discussed in two later sections, the importance of adults and culture. The practices of a community and whatever else is reinforced on a consistent basis, although external influences, will contribute to the internal motivation of the developing mind of a child who exists within that particular community (Tiedens Leach, 2004). Cooperative learning must be well structured so that learning can take place. The teacher or coach must choose groups from his/her students through which he can facilitate team work. In both academics and athletics, these groups reflect a diversity of viewpoints, abilities, gender, race, and other characteristics. Giving students opportunities to choose groups that suite them best may consequently result to homogeneity that reduces acquisition of social skills hence reducing their focus on the learning task (Rutledge, 2002). Howe (1960) examined quantitative motivational differences between volunteers and non-volunteers for a psychological experiment (p. 115). He explains some approaches to fear but not all. In his experiment, Hypothesis 1 predicted that using two different threats of electric shockstrong and weakmore people would volunteer for the weaker electric shock. Hypothesis 2 predicted volunteers would show a stronger approach and weaker avoidance compared with non-volunteers. The strength of the threat was the main independent variable; the increase in anxiety due to the anticipation of the threat was the main dependent variable. But would pre-existing characteristics, such as anxiety, affect the response to the threat? The first variable, cash, differentiates the motivation between volunteers and non-volunteers. The second variable, the level of shock treatment, demonstrates motivation behind harm avoidance and shock avoidance. The author established rules so that the experiment could be observed with clear results and the findings from those observations would be easy to comprehend. This way there were no biasness, and the experiment presented the facts of the experiment clearly, including their methods, subjects, materials and procedures. Two introductory psychology classes at Brooklyn College, each comprised of 89 students, were used as subjects. Each group of students was given a short 20-item form during class session. The class was also told that this was for the purpose of research, and the overseer of this experiment announced that the students would receive cash; the offer of cash was intended to help the experiment appear enticing. The experiment was described to the class including a mention of electric shock. To one class it was described as weak shock, and to the other class it was described as moderately strong shock. Students were then asked if they would like to participate immediately (within the next 30 minutes), or to delay their participation for 7, 14, or 21 days. On the back of the request form was a short questionnaire for the students to fill out. The form stated that there is currently an increasing amount of experimentation taking place involving shock and stress and a problem getting enough students to serve as paid subjects. The questionnaire contained three critical items dealing with the subjects anxiety about electric shock, fear of pain, and fear of injury. The sum of these items was entitled Shock Avoidance. Three other items were presented that dealt with the subjects present and future need for cash. The sum of these items was entitled Cash. A comparison was first made between weak shoc k and strong shock, followed by a comparison of male versus female regarding the avoidance of shock. It was concluded that more subjects volunteered for the weak shock group, but not significantly more, and there were significantly more males than females who volunteered overall. The results showed that volunteers tend to be low rather than high in avoidance motivation. However, these conclusions were more suggested than supported. For instance, the students who postponed the experiment rather than attend it immediately were considered more anxious. I am not in agreement with how the study was conducted or the way the results were interpreted. I believe there was not enough information provided concerning the subject, specifically, exploring the possibility that one or more of the subjects may have had a pre-existing anxious personality. The experiment would then only enhance a condition that was already present. The article provided some good facts, but there was no background information given on the subjects initial level of anxiety. An experiment described by Constantine and Sue (2007) in Perceptions of Racial Micro-aggressions Among Black Supervisees in Cross-Racial Dyads presents a different view. The purpose of this study was to examine the way a Black supervisee perceived racial micro-aggressions in a White supervisor. Racial micro-aggressions are brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, communicating negative or denigrating messages to people of color. Although the framework for this study seems like a natural phenomenon, it was created to obtain retrospective descriptions from Black American trainees of perceived racial micro-aggressions from White supervisors. This study was also an effort to gain an understanding of how micro-aggressions occur and their lasting effects on the supervisees. The qualitative approach to this study allows for a how and why analysis of racial micro-aggressions. This method also allows for interviews, observat ions and interaction between the author and each participant. Qualitative methods also allow for the discussion of feelings in this study versus straight facts. The studys procedure was to select a group of doctoral students in clinical supervision who had experience with this phenomenon. The criteria for participation in the study was a Black supervisee relationship with a White supervisor within the past two years, a belief that subtle racism exists, and personal experience with racism in supervision. Ten Black supervisees volunteered for this studyeight females and two males, eight identified as African American, one West Indian and one Black Dominican American, ages ranging from 25 to 38. Six of the supervisees said that their supevisor was a White woman, and the other four said their supervisor was a White man. An interview protocol was created, including literature on aversive racism, racial micro-aggression, cross-cultural and multicultural supervision and supervision outcomes, racial identity theory, and Black Americans experiences of racism. The interviews took place in a private office and ranged from 60-95 minutes. None of the par ticipants were reported to have an adverse reaction to the interview, and none of the participants were compensated for their participation. The interviewer chose to use the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the goal of which is to explore in detail the processes participants use to make sense of their experiences. However, with this type of analysis, the participants interpretations are bound by their ability to express their thoughts and describe their experiences. The primary researcher read over the transcripts several times to obtain a further understanding of each participants account and identified specific passages that seemed most helpful. The researcher constantly referred back to these passages, comparing them with the other participants accounts to identify common themes. Seven themes were found by Constantine and Sue (2007) which are invalidating racial-cultural issues, making stereotypic assumptions about Black clients, making stereotypic assumptions about Black supervisees, reluctance to give performance feedback for fear of being viewed as racism, focusing primarily on clinical weakness, blaming clients of color for problems stemming from oppression, and offering culturally insensitive treatment recommendations (pp. 142-153). Elaborating on these themes, invalidating racial-cultural issues meant that many of the Black supervisees in this study indicated that their White supervisors minimized, dismissed, or avoided discussing racial-cultural issues. Making stereotypic assumptions about Black clients was reported by several Black supervisees, indicating that their supervisors believed various stereotypes about Black clients. Making stereotypic assumptions about Black supervisees meant that supervisees were offended because their supervisors upheld blatant stereotypes, and attempts at open discussion were to no avail. Reluctance to give performance feedback for fear of being viewed as racist meant that many supervisors did not give feedback for fear of being labeled as such (Constantine Sue, 2007). Focusing primarily on clinical weakness was reported by supervisees who stated that their supervisors focused on their weaknesses with no feedback regarding their strengths. Blaming clients of color for problems stemming from oppression was derived from supervisors blaming clients for their difficulties instead of directly addressing issues of racism; clients were told to accept the fact that racism exists and to deal with it. Offering culturally insensitive treatment recommendations meant that supervisors treatment recommendations were not sensitive to Black culture when they dealt with clients family members ((Constantine Sue, 2007, pp. 142-153). As a Black man in a White majority environment, I experience micro-aggressions all the time, but this study was difficult to execute because it dealt mostly with the subjects feelings. The presence of micro-aggressions cannot necessarily be proven, and that makes them hard to address. That is also one weakness of this article. The strengths of this article are in both the group that was chosen and the pool of questions they were asked. These questions, combined with the themes and the referring to specific experiences by the participants gave the study credibility. Gaenter and Dovidio (2005), state: This dilemma reflects the tension between central principles of equality and fairness in the society and the daily operation of systematic prejudice and discrimination, at an individual and societal level, which produces racial inequality and reinforces racial disparities (p. 617). Schools are responsible for more than the overt transmission of knowledge, as they also participate in socializing students into approved norms and values. If there are implicit thought or a hidden curriculum being delivered by the instructor schools can transmit lessons that were not intended. However, transmission of this hidden curriculum is not obvious to its participants, nor is it expressed in stated educational objectives. Educators seek to make this hidden curriculum apparent in order to eliminate bias and ensure equity. Fear and its development How and when does fear develop? These are the core questions to this study. In order to ensure the issue of fear and its development is addressed to the latter, I included contributions of four human development theorists. The purpose is to compare and contrast their views on fear. I will analyze their contributions and relate them to the effect fear has on success and failure of students whether in class work or other extracurricular activities in school. The four theorists and their theories are: Jean Piagets cognitive development theory, Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs, B. F. Skinners behavioral operant, and Albert Banduras reciprocal determinism. From Piagets cognitive development, I will examine the sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence), the preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills), the concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events), and the formal operational stage: after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning). From Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslow arranged needs in a hierarchy in terms of their potency. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need is in the pyramid, the more powerful is the drive to meet it. The higher the need, the weaker its force and the more distinctly human it becomes. The lower needs on the pyramid are similar to those possessed by non-human animals, but only humans possess the higher needs. From Skinners behavioral operant, the study focuses on the organism's response to its environment while from Albert Bandura, I will examine reciprocal determinism. I will use all four theories to examine and compare two types of students and two types of athletes. The first type of athlete performs well in a game but not in practice; the second athlete does well in practice but not in the game. Similarly, the first type of student does well on tests but not on homework assignments, and the second does well on homework assignments but not on tests. Jean Piagets cognitive development theory Piagets theory of cognitive development was highly acclaimed and widely used in the field of developmental psychology. Its main concern was the growth of intelligence. Piagets definition of intelligence was the ability to accurately represent the world and to perform logical operations on representations of concepts grounded in the world. His theory uses schemata to describe how a persons view of the world changes as he or she develops mentally. Let us look at the two types of students and athletes in relation to the four theories, starting first with the athlete who performs well in a game but not in practice. Piaget and the Athlete The knowledge of biological sciences is important in understanding the development of fear. In biological terms, the existence of fear may indicate the presence of change to the normal structure or operation of the body, and fear may also indicate an imbalance in the bodys proper functioning. Does an athlete equate his or her advancements on the field with the same cognitive growth as in the classroom, or does he or she excel on the field but fail to bring those skills into the classroom? Piagets assimilation-accommodation model of cognitive growth emphasizes the active, constructive nature of a child. His model allows one to view cognitive development as a gradual, step-by-step process of structural acquisition and change, with each new mental structure growing out of its predecessor through the continuous operation of assimilation and accommodation. Flavell (1996) summarizes Piagets views on this subject and he points out that children are not empty slates that take what the environment offers without passively and without choosing. According to Flavell, Children posse reasoning abilities that enable them to selects the input that is meaningful to them. More so, they have the ability to represent and transform what they select so that it can reflect their cognitive structures Flavell (1996). Therefore, according to Piaget, childrens cognitive structures determine what take or ignore. The cognitive structures in children enable them to assimilate what they take from their environments and consequently this make them manufactures of their own development (p. 998). This means that children notice what is important to them; they notice what seems to define them or bring them meaning. So the question is at what point does a child place more importance on his or her performance on the field rather than in the classroom? A child interprets actions and words not necessarily how they were intended, but how they will help the child believe in him- or herself. As the childs body changes, his or her mind changes also, but there must be a balance between physical and mental development. (Jones, 2004 Piagets Cultural Aspect A culture is primarily comprised of its surrounding, structured environment. Our family, friends, religious beliefs, and the languages we speak give us our identity. Piaget recognized that a childs cognitive behavior is intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated. He also recognized that the cognition of an individual is impacted by his or her environment; he believed that to some degree, social reinforcements affect a childs curiosity and cognitive exploration, that is, that children are built to think and learn (Flavell, 1996). Piagets ideas point towards the importance of environment in the development of a childs mind. Development is the key concept, as a child adapts to and assimilates culturally and biologically to what is presented to him or her on day to day life. Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory that psychologists, sociologists and educators can use to help them understand how a given individual chooses to act (Jones, 2004). Maslows theory encompasses physical needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. Can Maslows hierarchy of needs be used only in the fields of psychology, sociology, and education, or can it be applied to specific settings? This theory is based on the assumption that all people have the desire to maximize their potential and strive to do what they are capable of doing. It also point out that after individuals meet the needs in the four lower categories, they will then strive to meet the needs in the fifth category (Jones, 2004). In this category, a person strives to meet the need to excel at something, which can involve choosing to act differently (Jones, 2004, p. 1). Also at this point in the needs hierarchy, fear or discouragement is learned. It is also at this point that a student or athlete relates his or her self-worth, value, morals and hard work to his or her performance in society, whether on the field or in the classroom. Fear and anxiety is believed to be more in the fifth level since the student has gained popularity and slight mistake could be very effect to his/her social life, class or in the field if the popularity is from sporting activities. Maslows Hierarchy and Biological Concept In biological tterms, life depends on an organism ability to meet its physiological and safety needs. Physiological needs, as described by Maslow and stated by Jones (2004), include food, water, clothing, security and sleep, they are by far the strongest and highly motivational (p. 2) factors. The physiological needs are necessary for life to begin and to continue. The drive and will to have these needs met will highly motivate an individual. Safety needs are another category of needs in which human beings are motivated by instinct. Knowing one is safe from harm, now or in the future, brings a sense of relief to the human mind (Boeree, 2006). This relief does not only come with physical safety but also with emotional safety. Jones (2004) states: For example, one person may avoid another person who poses an emotional threat whether may it be through intimidation or manipulation (p. 2). If a person is hungry and does not feel safe, he or she will not have the confidence to achieve a goal; if a person feels that his or her life is constantly in danger, it is likely that person will not learn about his or her abilities. All these fears have negative impacts to the ability of an individual to implement certain obligations as expected. Maslows Hierarchy and Cultural Concept The highest level of Maslows hierarchy is self-actualization. Jones (2004) describes it as the level where a person achieves competence in a certain undertaking or masters certain skills in his/her line of duty. Jones point out self actualization is more that being good at something. This is actually what makes ones soul satisfied and once the stage is reached there is no room for more improvements. This the best stage for an individual to make behavioral change since one is in control of what is happening in his/her environment. During other hierarchical stages life is full of challenges and making serious behavioral change is not possible Jones (2004). A person cannot reach this level of self-actualization if the first four need levels are not met and confidence is not established. Additionally, a child has the cognitive ability to learn from his surroundings and culture. Therefore it is evident that a child learns or feels that which is necessary to him, and fear can be one of those things (Bar-On, Maree, Elias, Maurice, (2007). If confidence is not obtained or introduced during the lower phases of Maslows hierarchy, another reaction will take its place. As each categorys needs fails to be met, a hesitation or pause occurs in the childs development before he or she moves to the next level of needs. My question is, will fear fill the void and remove the desire for a person to pursue higher goals? The answer to this question should be got by the completion of the study. B.F. Skinner and Behavioral Operant Boeree (2006) observes that Skinners entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of operating on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this operating, the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply, a rein forcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant-that is, the behavior occurringjust before the reinforcing take place. This is operant conditioning: the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future (Boeree, 2006, p. 4). Although Skinners research initially used rats, his intention was to understand human beings. Skinners research showed that positive feedback is essential, but to what degree does positive feedback affect performance in the classroom or on the field? As Boeree (2006) states, positive (or in some cases negative) feedback can contribute to Skinners idea of shaping, or the method of successive approximations (p. 6). Although in many cases the two men had very different views, some of Skinners work can be traced to Sigmund Freud. Overskied (2007) states that Indeed, Freud and Skinner had many things in common, including basic assumptions shaped by positivism and determinism. Most important, Skinner took a clear interest in psychoanalysis. Freud in many areas, such as dreams, symbolism, metaphor use, and defense mechanisms, influenced his views. Skinner drew direct parallels to Freud in his analysis of conscious versus unconscious control of behavior and of selection by consequences (p. 590). Skinner felt that some types of behavior could be adapted by appealing to defense mechanisms. Skinner also believed that phobias are caused by despair, and that religious zeal stems from phobia formation as do many excessively vigorous behaviors. Skinner also stated that central aspects of his own views of punishment concurred with Freuds view of repression; his discussion of human behavior also included a connection between repression and denial. Overskied (2007) also points out that Skinner believed verbal behaviors frequently suggest an escape from suppressing forces (p. 593). Albert Bandura Albert Banduras study of behavior indicated that an individuals environment can affect the way he thinks and acts. Boeree (2006) describes Bandura as finding the cause of some phenomena such as aggression in adolescents, as more complicated than environment causing behavior. He therefore added to the model suggesting that environment causes behavior and behavior causes environment too. He called this reciprocal determinism. From there, Bandura proposed that there are three factors in the formation of personality namely environment, behavior, and a persons psychological process. By adding these terms, Bandura theorized much more effectively about two things that many consider the strong suit of the human species:observational learning (modeling) and self-regulation (Boeree, 2006). Banduras Bobo Doll studies show the effects of observational modeling and learning. Bandura used a blow-up doll with a particular face on it and filmed a woman punching, kicking, and hitting the doll while yelling, Sockeroo! This film was shown to a group of kindergartners who enjoyed the film. The kindergartners were then released into a room containing several of the dolls, and, as expected, they hit, kicked and punched the doll (Boeree, 2006). These children changed their behavior without first being rewarded for approximations to that behavior.While that may not seem extraordinary to the average parent, teacher, or casual observer of children, it did not fit with standard Behaviorist learning theory. He called the phenomenon observational learning or observational modeling, yet, this theory is usually referred to as social learning theory (Boeree, 2006). After conducting a number of these experiments, Bandura observed specific steps in the modeling process. These steps were attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. The Importance of Adults Parents play a large role in childrens lives, from the youngest who are not yet sure of life, to the middle-aged following a path, to older children near the end of their journey of development. In the beginning of this journey and even throughout it, parents play a role in establishing who their children are and/or may become in life. As stated by McDevitt and Ormrod (2002), Parents (like all human beings) may entertain two inconsistent beliefs at the same time without acknowledging or wrestling with the inconsistency (p. 480). For example, if a set of rules is established by a group of parents, when those rules are enforced on one particular parents child, that parent will soon find fault in those same rules. Furthermore, parents (again, like all human beings) work hard to protect their own self-image (McDevitt Ormrod, 2002, p. 480) which is reflected in their own children. For the child, the fight for independence must be won to sharpen the childs decision-making skills. The parents role in this process is to supply needed realism and adult perspective to their childs decision-making. McDevitt and Ormrod (2002) assert that by observing his or her accomplishments and/or through the development of self-efficacy, the child internalizes a sense of satisfaction that is necessary for maintaining initiative. However, the child will develop guilt regarding personal needs and desires when a supervising adult discourages him or her from completing a goal independently. As a result, the child questions what he or she is actually capable of, and may reshape future actions taking initiative and taking on challenging goals, which in turn may not reflect the childs natural abilities, but a more limited repetition (McDevitt Ormrod, 2002). The curriculum artifact that I have chosen to analyze is the hidden curriculum. The word hidden means that the school, whether it realizes it or not, gives the student(s) information that is not within the official curriculum. This information can be transmitted by the staff associating and socializing with the students, suggesting that they accept certain beliefs or values. Educational leaders must try to reveal these hidden lessons in fear that create bias and in turn create an unequal learning environment. Because this curriculum is social in nature, its content is revealed at modeling level, where the social environment or cultural climate allows it to continue (Overskied, 2007). Culture We do not know how the practices that occur in local communities add up beyond particular subsets of culture to form larger patterns; some big-pattern aspects of culture may not be simply the invention of a cultural analyst but may exist in the world. Moreover, we think of general patterns of culture without presuming that those broadly distributed patterns add up to a single whole: the culture of each whole society, or one culture for each social group within a society. However, the culture of an individual will directly affect the way he or she perceives his/her experiences in life. Bullying can be thought of as changing the patterns or growth of an individual in a negative manner with long-term effects. The impact of ongoing bullying can be long-lasting and devastating for the bullied person (Townend, 2007, p.70). Shame placed on an individual or community may contribute to negative growth. Hunter (2004) points out that Shame is not the result of our doing something bad and feeling awful about it. Shame occurs as a result of feeling responsible for something we did not do, which is why it is so paralyzing (p. 122). The claim that shame adequately designates a single system of effect is debatable; however, it serves as a starting point for exploring a systematic link between social effect and relationship (Tiedens Leach, 2004, p. 65). Researchers Kaiser and Major (Tiedens Leach, p. 65), purport that in society, some social groups are valued and respected, while others are devalued and disrespected; some social groups are provided with educational or employment opportunities and others are denied the same opportunities (p. 270). Stiff and Van Vugt (2008) put forth that reputations influence an individuals decisions concerning with whom he will interact and who he will avoid (p. 156). Bar-On, Maree, and Elias (2007) argue the importance of emotional intelligence in creating relationships, as emotional intelligence allows one to be aware of ones emotions and oneself in general, to understand ones strengths and weaknesses, and to be able to express ones feelings non-destructively (p. 2). Although an external influence, practices consistently reinforced in a community or society will contribute to the internal motivation of a childs developing mind and this includes fear. Buy custom Theories of Societal Development essay

Online Restaurant Promotions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online Restaurant Promotions - Case Study Example Restaurant.com offered discounts on gift certificates. Consumers could use these gift certificates at more than 9,500 participating restaurants. These certificates were available in variety of denominations and were distributed individually. Restaurant.com had a simple, fast and free sign-up program for restaurants willing to participate in the system. Rewards Network offered incentives to customers if they dined at any of the company’s 9,542 affiliated restaurants. These incentives were given by way of reward points which were credited to customer’s credit cards. Rewards Network also allowed cash refunds and offered bonuses on the first dine. Regular users got VIP bonuses from the company. Open table offered round-the-clock reservation services for participating restaurants. The service was thus a substitute for telephonic reservations made by the consumers. Open Table created a database of the consumers which could be effectively used by the restaurants in their advertising campaigns. The internet provides numerous opportunities with respect to restaurant promotions. The restaurants can have their own websites as well as place their advertisements on other websites. The restaurants can have their own page that details the location, menu and reviews of customers on websites like CitySearch. The internet can be used to send e-mails to current and prospective customers. Restaurants can also attract more customers with the help of online affiliate

My Future Career Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Future Career Goals - Essay Example Thinking about my career goals, I recognized my desire for what it is—a calling, a passion, my own true destiny. Despite all my righteous anger at faulty structures in the health care system and the medical curriculum, I maintain my belief in the underlying nobility of the medical profession and its potential to effect profound and positive social change. I have a great desire to enter a university because its curriculum and programs represent a unique mixture of theoretical guide effectively applied to the practice field that will have a great impact on immediate and future success in my professional education. I understand clearly well that this it opens doors to many opportunities for career growth not otherwise available. Current college programs, teach me to think critically, to question the nature of power structures, to seek historical context, to ask what is at stake, and to disregard and debunk dogma. Now I find myself going out on a limb merely by suggesting that per haps we need more education and discussion around such topics as alternative medicine, ethics in the pharmaceutical industry, and medical practices. Taking into account my personal aspirations and qualities, I can say that I will be able to cope with career demands being well prepared, motivated and committed to pursuing my Master’s degree. My personal attitude towards this matter will help me to overcome all possible difficulties, and experience that I have will be a great support to me in mastering the medical profession.... Education and clear career goals are the first major steps that increase personal values of everyone and create new opportunities to succeed. Thinking about my career goals, I recognized my desire for what it is—a calling, a passion, my own true destiny. Despite all my righteous anger at faulty structures in the health care system and the medical curriculum, I maintain my belief in the underlying nobility of the medical profession and its potential to effect profound and positive social change. For me, the privilege of being a student at a medical university (course and program) includes the rights of idealism, intellectual ferment, and independence of thought. I have a great desire to enter a university because its curriculum and programs represent a unique mixture of theoretical guide effectively applied to the practice field that will have a great impact on immediate and future success in my professional education. I understand clearly well that this it opens doors to many opportunities for career growth not otherwise available. A college education is only the first step in my career, but it will have a great impact on my choices and knowledge level. Current college programs, teach me to think critically, to question the nature of power structures, to seek historical context, to ask what is at stake, and to disregard and debunk dogma. Now I find myself going out on a limb merely by suggesting that perhaps we need more education and discussion around such topics as alternative medicine, ethics in the pharmaceutical industry, and medical practices. Taking into account my personal aspirations and qualities, I can say that I will be able to cope with career demands being well prepared, motivated and committed to pursuing my Master’s degree. My personal attitude towards this matter will help me to overcome all possible difficulties, and experience that I have will be a great support to me in mastering the medical profession.